Introduction: Induced ABORTION is a major threat to women’ s fertility health. In particular, in developing countries AND the societies where ABORTION is illegal, ABORTIONs are commonly carried out under unsanitary conditions, causing maternal COMPLICATIONS, dangers to maternal health, AND women’ s future infertility. These consequences are especially evident in Iran where at least 80, 000 illegal ABORTIONs are done annually. The current study aimed to examine the reasons for ABORTION, methods of ABORTION, AND its short-term AND long-term COMPLICATIONS. Methods: This study, which adopted a descriptive design, was conducted among the women who had already carried out ABORTION AND referred to one of the health, therapeutic, AND educational centers affiliated with Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The participants (N = 360) were selected the data were gleaned through a self-designed questionnaire AND statistically analyzed using SPSS version 17. Results: The results of analyzing the data collected through the 369 questionnaires revealed that the mean age of participants was 26 years (SD = 7. 2 years). The main reason for ABORTION was financial problems. With regard to marital status, 91. 3% of the participants were married. Also, considering their job, 74. 2% of the respondents were housewives, while 15. 5% were employed in office jobs. Further, in 55. 3% of the cases, ABORTION had been carried out as a result of the husbAND’ s encouragement. The most common method of ABORTION was prescribing chemical medications, while the least popular method was intrauterine manipulations (with only 197 women reporting this ABORTION method). Moreover, 114 participants reported that they had accomplished curettage in a specialist physician’ s office without anesthesia. The short-term COMPLICATIONS of ABORTION included abdominal pain after ABORTION AND incomplete ABORTION. On the other hAND, long-term COMPLICATIONS entailed visceral injury (1%), COMPLICATIONS in the next pregnancy, bleeding in early pregnancy (10. 7%), preterm delivery (7. 9%), AND ectopic pregnancy (7. 4%). Conclusions: Scientific AND religious education through appropriate procedures along with preventing unwanted pregnancy is a decisive factor in ABORTION.

Background: Illegal ABORTION is a common way to terminate unintended pregnancy. It may be associated with severe COMPLICATIONS AND may raise maternal mortality AND morbidity rate. Illegal ABORTION is one of the important concerns in health system. In our study, we consider illegal ABORTION claims in Medical Council court in the suburbs of Tehran. Materials AND Methods: A retrospective study was conducted. Data were extracted from registered judicial complainant cases of illegal ABORTION in Shahriyar medical court, Iran, during 2009– 2017. Results: There were 751 registered claims during 2009– 2017. Among them, a total of 95 gynecological claims were included in the study. Four (4. 2%) registered claims were illegal ABORTION with severe COMPLICATIONS such as peritonitis, rupture of uterine, small intestine, rectum, AND mesentery perforation. Three cases had consumed misoprostol (prostaglANDin E2) AND one case had used prostaglANDin E1 before curettage. Misoprostol was also used significantly more frequently than other methods for ABORTION before curettage (P < 0. 05). Minor AND short‑ term COMPLICATIONS did not registered. Conclusion: The feature of claims showed that only severe morbidity AND COMPLICATIONS were registered in medical court. The definition of illegal ABORTION as a criminal act can be one of the factors of decreasing of ABORTION’ s complication claims.

Background & aim: ABORTION in Iran, like some countries in the world, has long been a culturally, socially, politically AND religiously sensitive issue. So the present study was conducted to investigate the causes of ABORTIONs in pregnant women referring to Shiraz educational AND medical centers. Methods: : In this cross-sectional study, 437 woman who had an ABORTION, were selected by examining 5176 pregnant women using sequential sampling method during 4 months from educational AND forensic medicine centers in Shiraz, Iran, in 2017. A self-structured questionnaire including demographic characteristics AND obstetric data was completed for each mother. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics. Results: Out of 88 ABORTIONs with a legal permission from the forensic medicine, 9. 1% were due to maternal illness AND 90. 9% were due to fetal disease, the most common cause of which was fetal cranial AND cerebral disorders (17. 1%). Out of 105 cases of spontaneous ABORTION, 8 cases were due to maternal cause (the most common cause of uterine defects (4. 8%) AND 97 cases were due to fetal cause. Out of 244 induced ABORTIONs with obstetric indication, the most common cause was missed ABORTION (32%). Conclusion: In all three types of ABORTION, fetal causes were the most common cause of ABORTION. It seems that education, access to information AND awareness raising activities involving the whole community will have a significant effect on preventing the occurrence of abnormalities. Emphasis is placed on the importance of conducting prenatal screening before 20 weeks of gestation.

There is a risk of thromboembolic COMPLICATIONS in patients with prosthetic heart valves, to reduce this risk, anticoagulant drugs should be used. Besides thromboembolic events in pregnant women with prosthetic heart valves, anticoagulants may cause embryopathy, ABORTION, C. V.A. AND valve thrombosis in mothers with generally high mortality. So, this study was performed to determine the pregnancy outcome in patients with prosthetic heart valves in Shahid Rajaee Heart Hospital. Eighty women aged 12-45 years old who underwent heart valve replacement at this hospital between 1978 AND 1998 were included in this study. In these patients who had warfarin therapy during the whole period of pregnancy, 144 pregnancy AND 18 elective ABORTION was occurred. Mitral Valve Replacement (MVR) was performed in 58.7%, Aortic Valve Replacement (A VR) in 16.3% AND MVR plus A VR in 25%. Generally, 89.68% of the pregnancies were without any COMPLICATIONS for mothers, but 5.56% of them had COMPLICATIONS such as C.Y.A., hypertention, edema, dyspnea AND prosthetic valve malfunction. Mother death occurred in 4.76% of them. There were 38.09% normal birth with healthy baby, 50% ABORTION, 3.18% congenital deformities AND 8.73% infant death following premature delivery, still birth AND maternal death during pregnancy. Our findings showed that fetal AND maternal COMPLICATIONS in women with prosthetic heart valve using anticoagulant drugs were more common in comparison with the normal population AND suggests the more clear AND complete assesments in this respect. Although most pregnancy losses in women with prosthetic valve were due to warfarin use, in cases the dose of warfarin is less than 5mgiday, shifting to heparin is not recommended because a low dose of warfarin has low maternal AND fetal risks.

Background: Amniocentesis, like other invasive methods, has COMPLICATIONS such as ABORTION, premature rupture-second pregnancy AND at 29 weeks of membranes, infection, bleeding, etc. Here, we aimed to study the COMPLICATIONS of amniocentesis in pregnant women. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was included 409 women with positive first AND second stage screening or required amniocentesis referred to Baghaeipour Clinic in 2017. Data was collected by a pre-prepared questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the patients AND gestational age was 33. 49 ± 6. 51 years AND 17. 39 ± 1. 36 weeks, respectively. 132 patients (32. 2%) had a history of ABORTION. Regarding the frequency of needle passage through the placenta, the results showed that in 369 people (90. 2%) the needle did not pass through the placenta AND in 40 people (9. 8%). The needle has passed through the pair. Regarding the frequency distribution of amniocentesis COMPLICATIONS, fetal death in (2. 4%), bleeding in (2. 2%) AND PROM (1. 7%) were observed in patients AND no case of infection AND ABORTION was observed. In terms of age, gestational age, gestational number, placental location, needle passage, aspirated fluid color, history of ABORTION AND type of delivery, there were no significant differences. Conclusion: In this study the most common complication of amniocentesis was fetal death (2. 4%), followed by bleeding AND Spotting (2. 2%), PROM (1. 7%), infection AND ABORTION, respectively.

Introduction: Multiple pregnancies, due to their physiological complexities AND the increased risk of COMPLICATIONS for both the mother AND fetus, represent one of the most significant challenges in prenatal care. One of these COMPLICATIONS is missed ABORTION, which can pose a threat to the mother's health AND may require immediate medical intervention. Case Report: A 34-year-old female with a triplet pregnancy was admitted to the Super Specialty Hospital in Tehran in 2023 for routine prenatal care. Ultrasound examination revealed that all three fetuses had experienced missed ABORTIONs, making pregnancy termination necessary. In a prior ultrasound, one fetus showed insufficient growth AND GA was 10 days less than other fetuses. The cause of this discrepancy was identified as the presence of a cystic defect in the fetal abdomen, along with the failure of proper development of the head, neck, AND chest. The patient underwent a successful dilation AND curettage (D&C) procedure, AND after the intervention, she was discharged on the same day with stable vital signs AND a good general condition. Conclusion: This case report highlights the management challenges AND considerations associated with missed ABORTION in multiple pregnancies. In such cases, selecting an appropriate treatment approach to ensure maternal health is crucial. The study also emphasizes the importance of accurate monitoring AND early detection of COMPLICATIONS in multiple pregnancies. This case report can provide valuable insights into the complexities of managing multiple pregnancies AND serve as a reference for clinicians dealing with similar cases. Accurate management AND prompt intervention in such situations can help prevent serious COMPLICATIONS AND improve patient outcomes.

Background: The maximum probability of conceiving during a menstrual cycle is only about 40%. One third of conceptions do not result in the delivery of a baby recurrent miscarriage, defined as the loss of 3 or more pregnancies before 20 weeks post-menstruation that affects 1% of all women. Approximately 20 percent of pregnant women will have some bleeding before 20 weeks’ gestation, AND roughly one half of these pregnancies will end in spontaneous ABORTION.Material AND Method: This review summarized reports found on Pubmed database about the miscarriage.Results: Parental chromosomal anomalies, maternal thrombophilic disorders AND uterine anomalies (congenital anomalies, adhesions, leiomyoma) have been directly associated with recurrent miscarriage; however, in the vast majority of cases the pathophysiology remains unknown.Useful investigations include parental karyotyping (family history of miscarriages, should be taken into consideration when deciding who should be karyotyped), an ultrasound scan of the pelvis AND Routine hysterosalphingography as a screening test for uterine anomalies, a testing for lupus anticoagulant (LAC) AND anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL), known collectively as antiphospholipid antibodies (APA), to exclude an antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), Screening for bacterial vaginosis AND inherited thrombophilic defects, screen for maternal endocrine disease (Chronic maternal diseases: poorly controlled diabetes, celiac disease, autoimmune diseases, PCOS, thyroid function tests AND HbA1C measurements), Screening for Low mid-luteal phase serum progesterone or an endometrial biopsy, however the majority of RM cases following investigation are classified as idiopathic. High level of homocysteine (hyperhomocysteinaemia) can be associated with RM too.Therapeutic strategies will depend on the underlying cause found. Progesterone has been administered orally, intramuscularly AND vaginally. Aspirin AND/or heparins have become routine treatment for women with APS AND inherited thrombophilia’s AND a history of RM.miscarriage resulting from trisomic concept uses increases significantly after age 40. Supportive care has a beneficial effect on unexplained recurrent miscarriage.The association between miscarriage AND ionizing radiation, organic solvents, alcohol, mercury AND lead is confirmed, whilst an association to caffeine, hyperthermia AND cigarette smoking is suspected. In women with missed spontaneous ABORTIONs, expectant management has a variable but generally lower success rate than medical therapy; In contrast, medical therapy for missed spontaneous ABORTION results in high success rates for completion of a spontaneous ABORTION without surgical intervention.Women experiencing spontaneous ABORTION with unstable vital signs, uncontrolled bleeding, or evidence of infection should be considered for surgical evacuation.Sexual activity also does not elevate risk in women with uncomplicated pregnancies.Conclusion: Conceptions AND misconceptions was born of the need for clear, understANDable, AND unbiased information about the complex AND fast-growing world of assisted reproduction. Physicians should realize the importance of providing care that is sensitive to the medical AND psychological aspects of a couple who experiences spontaneous ABORTION in addition to address the issue of feelings of guilt, the grief process, AND how to cope with friends AND family.

The righteousness or unrighteousness of ABORTION is evaluated in this article. For a more précised look, this study has been performed in two separate domains: In the ancient tradition of Zoroastrianism which is a collection of the teachings of Zoroaster mixed with ancient mythical notions AND perceptions AND the other is the domain in which the pure teachings of Zoroaster which specifically have been passed down in Gathas or the holy songs of Zarathustra or Zoroaster. ABORTION has been counted as unrighteous in the ancient traditions of Zoroastrian teachings, as this act is both a deliberate murderous act AND it also pollutes the Earth with a cadaver. However, in pure Zoroaster′s teachings, there is no direct mention of the legalities of ABORTION such as its righteousness or unrighteousness. However, what is quite fascinating in his teachings, is a profound outlook AND a very ethical view towards human beings. The comprehension AND realization of Zoroaster′s position towards ABORTION is possible only when one looks at this issue from the common sense prevalent in his teachings. Zoroaster sees the world as a pervasive battlefield between the bad AND the good AND he believes that the best deeds or actions, originate from Asha, which can be interpreted as righteousness, purity or chastity AND the fundamental order governing the universe. In Zoroaster′s beliefs, all creatures of the universe, including man, are the creations of Ahura Mazda AND they rotate around Asha in their self AND therefore deserve reverence. In this system, the starting or departure point for the mien or manner of any human that steps in to this world, is nothing but virtue AND purity; AND (s)he is so free AND unfettered that (s)he can egress its orbit around Asha, against it celestial self, AND turn to evil AND wickedness or vice versa AND step onto the path of Asha AND renovate or rejuvenate the universe by each deed. Therefore, one can easily see that in the views of Zoroaster, ABORTION is the destruction of a being of derive entity in his/her self that can widen the boundaries AND strength of goodness in the world. This means that, in Zoroastrianism′s outlook ABORTION swings between two boundaries: Either an innately celestial being has been murdered or a being, which according to his/her innate, could have become more celestial, which both acts are obscene AND denounced. According to these statements, in Zoroaster′s teachings there is always a recommendation to the application of the principles of rationality in all matters, which based on this rationality one can allow ABORTION under some circumstances that are indicated by the achievements of science. In other words, in Zoroastrian′ s religion outlooks, whenever the contemporary science indicates an action, we should  follow that AND it is not approved to evade it, by excuses such as commitment to (unwise AND insensible) traditions.